What is “Copyright”? (to top of page)
Copyright is a ‘bundle’ of exclusive rights, given to authors and creators, to protect their original works (i.e. literary, musical and artistic works, cinematograph films, sound recordings, published editions and computer software). It is not the right of the user to copy! Authors and creators have these exclusive rights –
- To reproduce the work in any manner or form;
- To plublish the work if it has not been published before;
- To perform the work in public;
- To broadcast the work;
- To cause the work to be transmitted in a diffusion service;
- To make an adaptation of the work
Copyright provides an incentive for creativity and a means of financial compensation for authors and creators of intellectual property. To have copyright protection, a work must be in a material format. Ideas do not have copyright protection – only the expression of those ideas is protected. There is no copyright in facts, the ‘news of the day’, or in political speeches. Authors however, have the exclusive right to make a collection of their speeches. One can safely assume that if something is copyrightable in print, it is also copyrightable in electronic forms.
What laws govern Copyright in South Africa? (to top of page)
Copyright is governed by the Copyright Act No. 98 of 1978, as amended, and Regulations. South Africa is a signatory to various international intellectual property agreements, e.g. the Berne Convention (which obliges South Africa to give recognition and protection to copyright works from signatory countries), the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) and the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)’s two Internet Treaties, (i.e. WIPO Copyright Treaty and WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty).
How long is the copyright term of protection? (to top of page)
Subject to exceptions (depending on the category of work), works in South Africa are protected for the lifetime of the author plus 50 yewars from the end of the year in which the author dies. Publishers have copyright in published editions (i.e. the edited typeface, format, etc) for 50 years from the end of the year in which the edition is first published (even if the original material is no longer in copyright (e.g. a new edition of a Shakespeare play).
Why the concern about copyright? (to top of page)
- By law, we are obliged to comply with the South African copyright law, as mentioned above.
Our University’s policy ensures that we respect the rights of authors and publishers and pay reasonable licence fees, where required by law.
- Copyright infringement could result in legal action and possible awards of damages.
- The viability of local publishers depends on compliance with the Copyright law.
- Copyright gives authors an incentive to create new works and to be compensated for their efforts. Infringement deprives them of an income and affects sales, prices and production of works.
Copyright ownership rights (to top of page)
The author or creator of the work is the owner of the copyright, unless the person is in employment, and the work is created in the course and scope of the employment, in which case the employer holds the copyright. It is, however, possible for the creator of the work to commission or share copyright, as in joint authorship, or to contractually assign in writing, the copyright or part thereof, to a publisher or other third party, either on an outright basis or for a limited purpose or period.
For Wits staff and students - see IP Policy on the Intranet.
Moral rights of authors/creators (to top of page)
Moral rights are separate and distinct from the copyright subsisting in a work, and cannot be transferred to a third party. Moral rights comprise the right of paternity, i.e. the right to claim authorship of the work, and the right of integrity, i.e. the right to object to any distortion, mutilation or other modification of the work where such action is or would be prejudicial to the honour or reputation of the author. Moral rights are separate and distinct from the copyright subsisting in the work, and cannot be transferred to a third party.
(Ref. Dean, O, SA Handbook of Copyright. Juta, 1988, 1-61, Services 8)
Copyright enforcement rights (to top of page)
The author or owner or his/her licensee (in some cases) can take legal action to stop infringements of his/her rights. This can include seizure of the infringing material, damages and an interdict preventing further infringement of his/her rights. The Courts have the power to award additional damages where there has been a flagrant breach of copyright. The Copyright Act also makes provision for criminal penalties - a fine (a maximum of R5 000 per infringement) and/or imprisonment of up to 3 years for a first conviction. The maximum fine and/or imprisonment penalty for a second conviction is R10 000 and/or 5 years.
How much can you copy from copyright works? (to top of page)
South Africa does not have ‘Fair Use’ provisions in its copyright law. All use of copyright material is governed by the principle of ‘Fair Dealing’ in Section 12(1) of the SA Copyright Act. Section 12(1) permits reproduction of a literary or musical work, without permission, for:-
a. For the purposes of research or private study by, or the personal or private use of, the person using the work;
b. For the purposes of criticism or review of that work or of another work;
c. For the purpose of reporting current events –
- in a newspaper, magazine or similar periodical; or
- by means of broadcasting or in a cinematograph film;
Provided that, in the case of paragraphs (b) and (c) (i), the source shall be mentioned, as well as the name of the
author if it appears on the work.
Section 12(2-4) permits reproduction of copyright material, without permission, for:-
- Judicial proceedings, or a report of judicial proceedings;
- Quotation;
- By ‘way of illustration’ for teaching purposes (e.g. in a PowerPoint presentation)
This also applies to artistic works, films, sound recordings, broadcasts, published editions and computer programs. See Copyright Act.
(Although not specified in the Copyright Act, publishers generally permit 10% or 1 chapter of a book, or 1 article of a journal, to be copied for the above purposes. One has to consider whether it is fair to copy a section/extract of a work in relation to the size and context of the whole work. Sometimes copying just one page may not be fair (i.e. when it is the crux or essence of the work).
Can you reproduce or download electronic resources? (to top of page)
When using the Internet, do not assume that if access is free, that there are no copyright restrictions. Always check the copyright notices and disclaimers. Some websites have strict copyright conditions, whilst others allow reproduction for non-commercial or educational purposes. When using electronic databases, always check the licence conditions before reproducing or downloading beyond ‘fair dealing’.
Many of the e-resource licences on the E Journal Portal allow printed or electronic course-packs to be made by Wits staff and students only – Check Summary of Licence Conditions... or email enquiries to Denise Nicholson.
Can you copy for educational purposes? (to top of page)
Section 13 of the South African Copyright Act (Regulations) has specific but limited exceptions for educational purposes. The law permits the making of limited numbers of copies of works for personal use, study and research, and teaching, without having to apply for copyright permission, viz:
- Personal copies for use by a student, a researcher and a teacher/lecturer: having regard to the totality and meaning of a work, one (1) copy of a "reasonable and necessary portion" of a work, consistent with fair practice, can be made without permission. (Regulation 2(a)).
- Copies for students made by academic departments: one (1) copy of a "reasonable portion" per student, per course, per term, may be made by or for a lecturer for classroom use or discussion, without permission (Regulations 2 &7). Not more than "a reasonable portion" should be made, provided "the cumulative effect of the reproductions does not conflict with the normal exploitation of the work to the unreasonable prejudice of the legal interest and residuary rights of the author" (Regulation 2(b)). "Cumulative effect" is defined as follows (Regulation 1(iii)):-
- "not more than 1 short poem, article, story or essay or 2 excerpts copied from the same author or more than 3 short
poems, articles, stories or essays from the same collective work or periodical volume, for the purpose of instructing a
particular class during any one term; and,
- "not more than 9 instances of such multiple copying for one course of instruction to a particular class during any one
term".
- “At the end of the term, therefore, students in a class may have received from their lecturer no more than:
copies of 9 poems, articles, stories or essays by 9 different authors
or copies of 18 excerpts from the works of 9 different authors (2 excerpts per author)
or copies of 27 poems, articles, stories or essays from 9 different collective works or periodical volumes with the
proviso that all of the 27 works must have been written ”by different authors"
(Ref.: DALRO's document entitled "Reprographic Reproduction of Copyright Material for Educational Purposes" - Pg. 5)
Section 12(4) of the Act allows a work to be used (and this includes copied) - without permission of the author for
teaching purposes. This section reads as follows:
“The copyright in a literary or musical work shall not be infringed by using such work, to the extent justified by the
purposes, by way of illustration in any publication, broadcast or sound or visual record for teaching: Provided that
such use shall be compatible with fair practice and that the source shall be mentioned as well as the name of the author
if it appears on the work”.
“The expression “for teaching” is wide enough it would seem, to cover instruction, not only in schools and universities,
but also elsewhere, for instance the in-house training of staff by business firms and others – and even teaching by
correspondence. However, it must be ‘for teaching only’.
(Ref. DALRO's document entitled "Reprographic Reproduction of Copyright Material for Educational Purposes" - Pg.2)
- A single copy may be made by or for a teacher, at his/her request, for research, teaching or preparation for teaching in a class, within the following parameters (Regulations 8 & 9):-
a. copies may not be used to create or replace or substitute anthologies, compilations or collective works;
b. copying may not be repeated in respect of the same material by the same teacher from term to term; nor may it be used as a substitute for the purchase of books, publishers reprints, or periodicals;
c. no copies may be made of or from works intended to be ephemeral, including exercises, standardized tests and test booklets and answer sheets or similar ephemeral material;
Can a librarian make copies for users? (to top of page)
- A librarian may make one (1) copy of a work or obtain an interlibrary loan copy for a user (within the permitted amounts), as long as it is for research or private study, or for personal or private use. A librarian may not make multiple copies for users.
- A library or archive has certain restricted rights to make copies for archive/reference purposes only (Section 13 of Act/Regulation 3).
What can students copy? (to top of page)
A Student:
- May make a copy for the purposes of research or private study, or for personal or private use, in terms of ‘fair dealing’ (Section 12 of the Copyright Act No. 98 of 1978, as amended). Although not specified in the copyright legislation, publishers generally permit 10% or one chapter from a book, or one article of a journal, to be copied for these purposes, obviously having regard to the totality and meaning of the work. However, this does not apply to every work so one has to use one’s discretion in this regard.
- May make a single copy for a lecturer, at his/her request, for research, teaching or preparation for teaching in a class, within certain parameters set out in the current Copyright Regulations
- May make a back-up copy of a computer program, ONLY if he/she is in lawful possession of that computer program, or an authorized copy thereof, and the copy so made is intended exclusively for personal or private purposes. Such copy must be destroyed when the possession of the computer program in question, or authorized copy thereof, ceases to be lawful. (Section 19B of SA Copyright Act).
However a student:
- May not copy more than the permitted amounts, as specified above. If he/she needs to copy more than this, prior permission must be obtained directly from the publisher or from the Dramatic, Artistic and Literary Rights Organisation - DALRO (Tel. No. 011-712-8377)
- May not make multiple copies for other students. Each student must make his/her own copies, within the legal limits.
- May not plagiarize someone else's work or ideas, whether from print or electronic sources. Full credit must be given to the author(s) and publisher(s) when quoting from material or when reproducing material.
- May not scan, adapt, translate or convert information into different formats, without prior permission
- May not place copyright works onto a webpage, without prior permission.
- May not photocopy a whole book or journal, or a large portion thereof. This is unlawful and has a detrimental effect on intellectual creativity, scholarship, research, writing and publishing. If a book is out-of-print, prior permission has to be obtained, before reproducing any portion of the work, beyond the ambit of ‘fair dealing’.
- May not reproduce sheet music, videos, tapes, CDs, DVDs, films, sound recordings, etc. without prior permission.
Planning and Preparation of Course Material (for Wits staff only) (to top of page)
Before reproducing material:
- Check inside printed publications, or read the copyright information on webpages and electronic databases, as some publishers/database suppliers allow multiple copying for educational or non-commercial purposes.
Where possible, make copies from works where copyright has expired or where it is clearly in the public domain. See: How long is the copyright term of protection? (put link to this heading). When this period has expired, the work goes into the public domain and can be used freely and without permission.
- Where possible, place original books or journal issues on Short Loan for short periods, rather than photocopies.
- Consider reducing the number of pages for which permission is required, or supplementing with your own material (e.g. introductions or overviews)
- Consider approaching a local publisher to do an abridged publication or a South African edition, if necessary
- Encourage students to ‘sharpen’ their research skills by accessing the original works themselves, either in the Library or via the internet and/or electronic databases. Rather give them the URL hyperlink than a photocopy of the material.
- Create electronic coursepacks and reading lists via e-databases on the Library website.
- Use free works (printed or digital). There are millions of free works and Open Access material available for use, without copyright permission. Some authors/creators/organizations place printed and digital material in the public domain, so that it can be used freely, i.e. without permission.
o For printed works, always check inside to see whether there are any free concessions. On the internet, there
millions of free works. To find them, do a keyword search on “Google”, “Yahoo” or another search engine, e.g. “free
books”, “free journals”, “free [science or other subject] journals”; “free photographs”, “free images”, “free articles”
“free online, full-text articles”, “free architectural drawings or symbols”, “free art or clip art”, “free diagrams”, etc.
o Use free works via Creative Commons Licences. There are thousands of free images, architectural designs,
artefacts, graphs, maps, artworks, photographs, video clips, texts, educational works, etc. on the Creative
Commons website. Do a search under the topic or image you want, and then click on the item. It will give you
'Additional information' which explains what rights have been reserved, e.g. Attribution, Non-Commercial, No
Derivative Works and Share Alike (Share Alike only applies to Derivative works). As long as you abide by the
conditions of the applicable Creative Commons Licence, you may include the work in your research report, project,
paper, book, ETD, etc., without having to apply for permission
N.B. Even though works may be used freely, they may not be used in any way that will infringe the moral rights of authors/creators (i.e. their right to claim authorship of the work and to have protection against unjustifiable distortion, mutilation or other modification of their works). Acknowledgement is always necessary.
Who can assist you with copyright queries, legal advice, copyright clearance, etc.? (to top of page)
- The Copyright Services Librarian (Tel. 011 717-1929) (copyright advice and permission, information, guidance, and talks on copyright and plagiarism for staff and students)
- University Legal Officer (011-717-1242/3) (interpretation of the Copyright law) - Dawn Taylor
- Central Printing Unit (Tel. 011-717-1354/7) (cost of reproduction) - Wilhelm Claassen
- Wits University Press (011-484-5910) (local publishing of books) - Veronica Klipp
How to you apply for copyright permission with regard to Wits Publications? (to top of page)
Anyone requiring copyright clearance on our University Publications, Research Reports, etc., should please direct their requests to the Legal Office (011-717-1242/3), Dawn Taylor the Research Office (011-717-1231) Iain Burns or the Registrar's Office (011-717-1200) Derek Swemmer,
What are the procedures for clearing copyright for educational/teaching purposes at Wits? (for Wits staff only)
(to top of page)
All requests for copyright permission should be routed through the Copyright Services Office (4th Floor, Wartenweiler Library, East Campus). Contact person: Denise Nicholson, Copyright Services Librarian,Tel. No. 011 717-1929. This office also handles the payment of copyright fees. Copyright forms (printed and Word format) are available from this Office, on request.
Since 2005, the University has had a Blanket Licence Agreement with the Dramatic, Artistic and Literary Rights Organisation (DALRO) to streamline copyright clearance procedures. The Blanket Licence is intended for the reprographic reproduction of supplementary reading, when the book or journal would in any case not have been bought, and it may not be used as a substitute for the purchase of prescribed books. This applies to course-packs, electronic reserves, transient copies, conversions to Braille, Short loan copies, WebCt/Moodle or copies housed in School resource centres.
The bulk of copyright requests are cleared under the Blanket Licence. It is a condition of Clause 4 of the Blanket Licence Agreement that no copy or series of copies in the aggregate may exceed:
- ten (10) percent or a complete chapter of a book (whichever is the greater);
- in the case of articles in issues of serial publications, or in sets of conference proceedings, a complete article;
- in the case of a collection or anthology of short stories or poetry, a complete short story or a complete poem;
- in the case of a published report or judicial proceedings, an entire report of a case
Transactional Licences (outside the ambit of the Blanket Licence) are required for the reproduction of the following:
- for extracts of works included in coursepacks for Wits short courses, which do not attract FTE subsidies (e.g. offered to the public);
- portions of works which exceed the limits as set out above;
- out of print works;
- newspapers;
- items from webpages or electronic databases;
- printed music (including the words);
- illustrations and/or photographs, maps and charts (where not part of the text);
- texts of examination papers, whether published individually or in collections, by other institutions;
- publications not mandated in the Blanket Licence (see list below**)
How much does it cost to clear copyright? (for Wits staff only) (to top of page)
All students are levied with an annual non-refundable copyright fee. Only postgraduates awaiting examination of their theses/dissertations, or students who deregister within the first few weeks of term may request a refund of this copyright fee). Enquires in this regard must be directed to the Fees Office. Copyright fees for reproductions of copyright material used in coursepacks, on WebCt/Moodle, etc. for short courses which do not attract FTE subsidies, are charged separately against School Grant Codes.
** Works excluded from the Blanket Licence (outside DALRO’s mandate) - (for Wits staff only): (to top of page)
In South Africa
All publications published by the following for all non-exclusive licences granted herein:
Bible Society of SA
Brenthurst Press (Pty) Limited
Zachen Publishers (Pty) Limited
Newspaper companies
All photocopied material included in course-packs, on CD/DVD or WebCT/Moodle or similar teaching tool,
for Wits short courses, which do not attract FTE subsidies
In the United Kingdom
All publications published by the following:
Addison-Child, Peter
Agra (Europe)
Amnesty International
Anbar Publications Ltd
Association of Commonwealth Universities
Avanti
BBC Publications: All periodicals and journals (all BBC books are covered by the licence)
Berlitz
BPP Publishing
British Psychological Society (All Open Learning Units)
British Standards Institution
British Telecom
Butterick Company
Case Clearing House
Chapter 3 Publications
Checkmate Publications Ltd
Chidwall University Press
Company of Biologists
Computational Mechanics Publications
Conde Nast Publications Ltd
Consumers Association
Conway Maritime Press Ltd
Croner Publications Ltd
Duke of Edinburgh Awards
EETAS Publications
Encounter Ltd
Encyclopedia Brittanica International Ltd
Environmental Data Services Ltd
Erlbaum (Laurence) & Associates
ESDU Internataional
Eternal Books
Euromonitor
Eyre & Spottiswoode Publishers
Financial Times Magazines
Gibson (Robert) & Sons
Gordon & Breach Publishers Ltd
Grandreams
Incomes Data Services Ltd
Independent Television Publications Ltd
Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery
Leckie & Leckie Publishers
Legal and Commercial Publishing
LWWF
Manchester Open Learning
Marcham Manor Press
MBS Publications
Melrose Film Publications Ltd
Methodist Publishing House
Minstrel (Kingsway)
Mintel Marketing Intelligence
Monitor Press
NFER-Nelson Publishing Co
North Manchester College
Nursing Notes
Office of Health Economics
Online Publications
Oxford Psychologists Press Ltd (All tests, manuals, norm tables and keys)
Palladian Publications
Philograph Publications
Phonic Blend Systems
Pion Ltd
PLC Publications
Plessey Co PLC
The Readers Digest Association Ltd
RIBA Publications Ltd (All forms on behalf of the Joint Contracts Tribunal)
Royal Meteorological Society
RSA Examinations Board
Saville & Holdsworth (All tests, manuals, norm tables and keys)
Stockwell
Sweet & Maxwell (Scottish Universities Law Institute Series)
Taylor Graham
Teeline Publications
Thames Gateway College
Thomson (DC) & Co Ltd
Timber Research & Development Assoc
University of Aberdeen
Video Arts Ltd
Whitehall Press
IN THE UNITED STATES
All publications published by the following:
Abby Communications
American Institute of Chemists Inc
American Psychological Association (Books)
Drug Policy Research Institute Inc
Dushkin Publishing Group Inc
Globe Newspaper Company (MA)
Gordon & Breach Science Publishers
Guard Publishing Company
High-Impact Marketing Services
Kona Communications Inc
Lexington Books
Little, Brown Publishing Company (Trade)
M E Sharpe Inc
National Fire Protection Association
National Science Foundation
New England Publishing Group Inc
Newkirk Products Inc
Newsweek Inc
Sewanee Review
Success Unlimited
Tiger Publications
Completing Application/Report Forms for copyright clearance - (for Wits staff only) (to top of page)
Transactional Licences (for works excluded from the Blanket licence **)
Application forms to reproduce works that are excluded from the Blanket Licence** need to be submitted to:
Mrs. Denise Nicholson, University of the Witwatersrand, Copyright Services Office, 4th Floor, Wartenweiler Library or Private Bag X1, WITS, 2050 or Fax to: 011- 717-1946 or email : denise.nicholson@wits.ac.za – Tel. 011-717-1929
N.B. Applications should be done prior to reproduction. A written notice of permission/denial or quotation/invoice will be sent to the person requesting the transactional licence. Only once permission has been granted, may reproduction be made.
Blanket Licence
Copyright Forms should be submitted to the Copyright Services Office at the time of copying or soon after making the copies or placing them on an electronic learning tool, such as WebCT or Moodle. Forms must reflect the total number of students doing a particular course and the exact total number of pages copied (not estimates).
All lecturers are required to submit Blanket Licence Copyright Forms in the following instances:-
- Where photocopies are made available in a Short Loan Collection (either in the Library Short Loan section or in a School Resource Centre)
- Where photocopies are made to compile Course Packs;
- Where transient electronic copies are made (e.g. where an extract or article is scanned into a computer and transmitted to a student or students at a distant location, e.g. electronic reserves)
- Where material is placed on WebCT/Moodle or similar e-teaching tools.
N.B. Reproductions must be within the permitted limits as specified above. If, in an isolated incident, the number of pages copied marginally exceeds these limits, lecturers will not be penalized. However, if reproductions consistently exceed the limits, these actions would be in breach of the Blanket Licence Agreement and a copyright infringement in terms of the Copyright Act. In these instances, the University would not be indemnified by DALRO, if a rightsowner were to institute legal action against the University.
Where a larger portion than the permitted limits is required, a transactional licence would have to be applied for.
Some useful websites on copyright (to top of page)
- Wits Portal on Copyright and Related Issues
- Guidelines for Fair Dealing in an Electronic Environment
- IFLA/IPA - Publishers and librarians promote common principles on copyright in the electronic environment
- Fair Use Guidelines for Educational Multimedia
University Policies, Procedures and Documents (on Wits Intranet, see: Registrar’s Help Desk) - (for Wits staff and students only) (to top of page)
Citing sources – Acknowledging others’ intellectual property TO THE TOP OF THIS PAGE)
When using copyrighted material, proper acknowledgement must always be given. Even if the material is free, acknowledgement is still necessary.
How to cite sources – some referencing styles: (to top of page)
For Wits staff and students, you can use RefWorks. Ask your librarian how to use RefWorks.
Some useful websites, containing free material: (to top of page)
(N.B. Always check the copyright notices when using material from the Internet, as some material may be free, but some may be restricted under certain circumstances)
Plagiarism (to top of page)
What is Plagiarism?
There are many definitions. Essentially, plagiarism is using someone else’s work as your own, without crediting the original author. It is the improper use, or failure to attribute another person’s intellectual property. It can be as subtle as neglecting to include quotes or references, or as blatantly unethical as knowingly copying an entire paper or work verbatim, and claiming it as your own work”. (http://www.plagiarism.org/).
What is a Plagiarist? A Plagiarist is a ‘Word or LiteraryThief” or “Cheat”!
Useful Tutorial on Plagiarism...
Using the Internet and detecting plagiarism
The Internet provides plagiarists with a rich library of material from which to gather information. It makes it so easy for plagiarists to misappropriate, adapt or make derivate works from others’ intellectual property. They just need to key in a few words and they have a wealth of information to cut and paste and present it as their own work. There are also Paper Mills which are unscrupulous organizations on the Internet, which promote plagiarism by providing written papers to students – free or at a small charge (http://www.plagiarism.org/).
However, the Internet also provides lecturers with a powerful tool to check sources and catch plagiarists. The ease, with which the plagiarist finds information, also assists lecturer in detecting plagiarism. Laziness in obtaining the plagiarised information results in lack of proofreading, context changes, missing footnotes, missing quotation marks, false references and out of context paragraphs are typical methods used to hide the real source. Publishers also have built-in ‘checks’ in printed works and make use of online anti-plagiarism systems to protect their works and to help detect plagiarism. Our institution has anti-plagiarism software to assist lecturers in detecting plagiarism, e.g. Safe Assign. Some Schools have individual licences for Turnitin.com.
Plagiarism is a serious offence and our Institution cannot turn a blind eye. It undermines the rights of honest students; it can seriously affect the moral rights of authors and it denigrates grades, degrees and the Institution itself. Students cannot accept their degrees honestly, if they know they have plagiarized others’ works. How will they perform and succeed in their future careers, if they have not assimilated the knowledge themselves? Plagiarism at our Institution is currently handled under the Misconduct Rule 18 in the Rules for Student Discipline. (link to this document on Intranet)
Confidence in one’s abilities and education about plagiarism and intellectual property will help to eradicate plagiarism on our campus. The intellectual property of others needs to be respected. Staff and students are authors in their own rights and if they want their intellectual property respected, they need to respect the intellectual property of others.
Staff and students are referred to the Wits Intranet for the University’s Disciplinary Code and the Plagiarism Policy.
Useful websites on plagiarism
(
to top of page)
Copyright and plagiarism workshops
If you would like to arrange a copyright and plagiarism workshop for staff or students, please contact Denise Nicholson on 011-717-1929 or email her at denise.nicholson@wits.ac.za or Fax her at 011-717-1946. Workshops can also be arranged at other tertiary institutions and schools. Costs are reasonable and negotiable.
Compiled by: Denise Nicholson, Copyright Services Librarian – Updated February 2009. .(to top of page)
Please note:
The information provided on this webpage is primarily for staff and students at the University of the Witwatersrand, but people outside Wits are welcome to access this information (apart from the Intranet entries for Wits staff and students only). Should anyone wish to quote from or use any of the information contained in these webpages, kindly acknowledge as follows:-
University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Copyright Services Office, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Johannesburg, 2001- http://web.wits.ac.za/library/services/copyright
Whilst every attempt has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information provided, the University of the Witwatersrand does not accept any liability whatsoever for any errors, inaccuracies or omissions with regard to the information on this webpage, or to any related information which may be linked to or accessible from any third party websites.